Microplastic Pollution in the Environment:

Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies – A Review

Abstract

The widespread pollution of the environment with microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) is considered a global problem. This literature review examines published studies written between 2004 to 2026 in order to get a general idea about the sources, consequences, and ways of combating this pollution. The review identifies that microplastics originate from two primary sources: primary microplastics, which are intentionally manufactured for products such as cosmetics, personal care items, and industrial abrasives, and secondary microplastics, which result from the environmental degradation of larger plastic waste. These particles have been ubiquitously detected in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric ecosystems, with documented pathways into the human body via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Analysis of recent literature reveals that human exposure to microplastics occurs through diverse routes, including drinking water, dairy products, disposable paper cups, and contaminated food items. Potential health implications identified include oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, endocrine disruption, and an increased risk of carcinogenesis, although the need for further long-term studies is emphasized. To address this challenge, this review evaluates control and mitigation strategies, ranging from source reduction (e.g., plastic production limits, bans on microbeads) and improved waste management to technological interventions such as advanced oxidation processes, biological degradation, and adsorption techniques. While source reduction and policy governance are identified as the most effective long-term solutions, technological methods currently face limitations including high energy demands, incomplete degradation, and material saturation. The review concludes that mitigating microplastic pollution requires an integrated, global strategy combining preventive policies, circular economy principles, and continued innovation in remediation technologies.