Nanocomposites: A Review on Classification, Synthesis, and Applications

Abstract

This review article provides a clear overview of nanocomposites, focusing on their classification, synthesis routes, and practical applications. Nanocomposites are multiphase materials that contain at least one phase with nanoscale dimensions. They have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional composites, offering unique combinations of properties and greater design flexibility. Their excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, and environmental compatibility have led to applications in packaging, biomedical engineering, aerospace, automotive, electronics, and tissue engineering. Nanocomposites can be classified in several ways. Based on the matrix, they are grouped into metal, ceramic, and polymer nanocomposites. By reinforcement type, they are fibre-reinforced, laminar, or particulate-reinforced. According to dimensional morphology, they include zero-dimensional (nanoparticles), one-dimensional (nanowires, nanotubes), two-dimensional (layered silicates), and three-dimensional (zeolites). This review highlights their classification, synthesis strategies, and diverse applications, underlining their growing role in modern materials science.