Development in Bacteriology and Bacteria Detection Techniques with Special Reference to Marine Bacteria

Abstract

The review article is about the different groups of bacteria those are present in nature and perform important physiological and biochemical functions as survival strategy and functional diversity upon energy substrate. As bacterial families depending on nutrients using cultural methods for growth and division, biochemical characterizations have been used for identification of bacteria are described in earlier editions of Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. Further certain bacteria as phototrophic, heterotrophic, and pathogens have distinguished functional roles in habitats, recycling and diseases are described based on group identification are described in this review in table form.  Biochemical tests are applied to bacterial culture to know the characteristics of species. Nevertheless now days genetic base 16S RNA, DNA base sequences characterization using polymerase chain reactions, G + C base ratio, and other recent advanced methods and technologies are used in phylogenetic classification which quickly provide results to the researchers.  Genetic sequences is directed to transcribe RNA to code and translate and produced small amount of protein in all bacteria and specific Infectious factor (toxin) in  pathogens. Moreover identification needs advanced methods and techniques for quantitative and qualitative determination of bacteria have to be conducted from field samples which are viable but nonculturable bacteria (VBNC) using Microscopic observations and Image-analysis, Epifluorimetry-Image analysis, Gene probes Polymerase chain reaction, Monoclonal antibodies, Biosensors and Laser cytometry.