Anti-inflammatory effects of Gracilaria vermiculophylla Papenfuss extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Abstract

Seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla Papenfuss, commonly called ‘Worm wart weed’, is a red alga widely distributed in the coastal areas of several countries. Though G. vermiculophylla has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, such effects on periodontal diseases remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of G. vermiculophylla on the production of inflammatory cytokines in Porphyromonas gingivalis induced RAW 264.7 cells. G. vermiculophylla found that RAW 264.7 cells had no cytotoxic effect on cell viability compared with untreated controls. In P. gingivalis stimulated RAW 264.7, G. vermiculophylla treatment reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels in a concentration-dependent manner by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins. Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA. Western blot analysis found that both inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα) kinase (IKK) phosphorylation and IκBα degradation in P. gingivalis-stimulated RAW 264.7 was inhibited by G. vermiculophylla in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, G. vermiculophylla treatment reduced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of G. vermiculophylla is associated with the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. These data suggest that G. vermiculophylla extract may have anti-inflammatory effects on periodontitis and can be used as a therapeutic agent to prevent periodontal disease.