Insights on the assessment of the potential of phytochemical chelating, protective, and detoxifying properties in managing chronic arsenic toxicity

Abstract

Arsenic exposure, a global issue originating from polluted groundwater, is a significant health threat due to its environmental and human health effects. This exposure leads to numerous illnesses (insulin resistance, cancer, bronchitis, asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, liver and kidney dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases), posing significant risks to overall health and economic and social welfare, particularly in underdeveloped nations. Arsenic-related health issues are caused by many factors, including the formation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, inflammation, DNA damage, proteinopathies, apoptosis, and dysregulation of cell signaling pathways. Chelation therapy is the most common method for detoxifying arsenic, but it has been linked to harmful effects such as hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Indigenous plant-based drugs have been shown to effectively relieve arsenic-mediated toxicity without causing adverse effects. These phytochemicals aid in the elimination of As from biological systems, making them more effective than the conventional therapeutic agents. This review provides an overview of the toxic effects of arsenic and discusses available therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the protective and detoxifying activities of phytochemicals and herbal drugs against arsenic. This information could help to identify new prophylactic and therapeutic formulations against arsenic-induced toxicity.