Thermal Analysis of CuO–MoS₂–TiO₂/Water Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Rotating Disk with Joule Heating and Viscous Dissipation

Abstract

The CuO-MoS2-TiO2/water ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a rotating disk is examined in this study with respect to its thermal and flow characteristics, considering the combined influences of a magnetic field, Hall current, thermal radiation, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and a non-uniform heat source/sink. Along with velocity and thermal slip boundary conditions, the flow system also takes Darcy-Forchheimer drag into account. The bvp4c solver in MATLAB is used to solve the governing nonlinear partial differential equations numerically after they have been simplified using Von Kármán similarity transformations. The effects of several physical parameters on temperature and velocity profiles are investigated through a comprehensive parametric analysis. The findings show that porous resistance and magnetic fields improve thermal dispersion through Joule heating while suppressing fluid mobility. Additionally, the presence of the Hall current promotes radial fluid motion, even though it leads to a reduction in both axial and tangential velocity components. The findings reveal that the ternary hybrid nanofluid delivers superior thermal performance in comparison with both mono and hybrid nanofluids. An evaluation based on the Nusselt number shows that the heat transfer rate improves by nearly 18 to 25 % over mono nanofluids and 10 to 15 % over hybrid nanofluids when the operating conditions are kept unchanged. Furthermore,
enhancement in nanoparticle loading and thermal radiation parameters result in an additional 6 to 33 % rise in heat transfer, highlighting the effective synergistic thermal behaviour produced by the combined presence of three nanoparticles.