Optimization Studies on Fenugreek Seed Extract via Spray-Freeze Drying

Abstract

The fenugreek seed extract utilized in this study was encapsulated using Spray Freeze Drying (SFD), a novel encapsulation technique, using a unique extraction technique called Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) aided extraction. SFD has several significant industrial benefits, including enhanced bioavailability of components, production of high-quality and stable powder formulations, protection of thermolabile compounds, ease of handling and application, and prolonged shelf life. PEF extraction minimizes thermal degradation and reduces solvent usage, thereby enhancing extraction efficiency and promoting environmental sustainability. By PEF-assisted extraction, ethanol solvent produced 10.89 ± 0.09%extract yield with highest overall polyphenol content (148.0 ± 3.15 mg GAE/g) at sample to solvent ratio of 1:12.The encapsulated powder made from gum acacia binder, with a 1:5 extract to binder ratio and a 20h lyophilization duration was optimized with yield (87.11 ± 1.36%), particle size (42.67 ± 1.28 μm) and polyphenol EE (74.50 ± 0.94%). Physical characteristics of encapsulated powders were measured. Bulk density, true density, porosity and Carr index of spray freeze-dried powder was 0.54 ± 0.01 g/cm³, 0.57 ± 0.05 g/cm³, 4.11 ± 0.32% and 10.0 ± 0.24respectively. The solubility, wettability, hygrscopicity, dispersibility and water activity values of spray freeze dried powder were 87.6 ± 1.72%, 5:50 ± 0.00 min:sec, 3.12 ± 0.06 g/kg dry solids, 71 ± 1.56% and 0.36 ± 0.01. This successful extraction and encapsulation technology may be used by industrialists as a suitable extraction method for high value products, as well as to add substantial value to fenugreek seeds and open the door to the creation of new applications in a variety of sectors.