Perception-based Assessment of Health Risk Due to Urban Noise Pollution

Abstract

Urban noise pollution, driven by high population density and rapid development, poses significant risks to public health and quality of life. However, studies examining noise perception and health impacts based on age and socioeconomic gradient across diverse urban populations in India remain limited. This study aimed to assess the health risks of urban noise exposure among Mumbai residents using a comprehensive questionnaire. Data were collected from 844 participantsspanning varied age groups (adolescent children to older adults) and socio-economic statuses. The survey captured socio-demographic details, noise exposure sources, and up to seventeen auditory and non-auditory health effects. Vehicular traffic and construction emerged as the main noise sources. The findings clearly show age-based differences in health impacts. Headaches and sleep issues were common across all ages, with adults and older adults more affected due to longer exposure and stress. Children showed high rates of headaches, annoyance, and distraction but less anxiety, while adults reported more stress and mental fatigue. Behavioural issues, like poor concentration and communication, were highest in children and working-age adults. Adults faced the greatest risk of temporary hearing loss and tinnitus, though children also showed early signs of auditory vulnerability. Socio-economic disparities were pronounced, with children in lower-income groups experiencing more severe symptoms, while adults in higher-income groups reported the highest overall burden. The study is unique in integrating age, socio-economic, and source-specific data to record noise-induced health risks in an Indian metro context. The findings provide valuable, quantifiable insights essential for evidence-based policy interventions to safeguard urban health and wellbeing.