Molecular insights into 5-hydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone reactivity, stability and antidiabetic activity in green solvents

Abstract

Using combined pharmacological and computational methods, this study seeks to assess the therapeutic potential of
5-Hydroxy-1-Methoxyxanthone (5H1MX) while encouraging the use of green solvents. In order to verify molecule stability, intramolecular charge transfer, hyperconjugation, and stabilization energy were examined using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. Density Functional Theory (DFT) techniques were used to examine the Mulliken charge distribution and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP). Chemical reactivity was predicted and reactive spots were identified using Fukui functions and global descriptors. The C₁₃–C₁₇ to C₁₂–C₁₅ (π*) interaction was found to have the highest stabilization energy of 472.42 kcal/mol. The gas phase had the largest band gap value (4.179 eV) among the environments under study. Using several green solvents, solvent effects were investigated, and the results showed a considerable impact on molecular characteristics and reactivity. The system's electrical behavior was further validated using ELF, LOL, and RDG investigations. In accordance with Lipinski's rule of five, positive pharmacological features were validated by drug-likeness measures and NMR analysis. Strong binding affinity for the target protein was shown by molecular docking data, indicating that 5H1MX is a viable option for antidiabetic applications.