Immune system involvement and neuropathology in Guillain-barré syndrome: Approaches to therapy

Abstract

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is increasing in incidence and is associated with significant morbidity, emphasizing the urgent need for improved therapeutic options beyond current treatments. While intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasmapheresis are the primary therapies, their limited ability to prevent long-term neuromuscular impairments highlights the necessity for innovative approaches. GBS is an acute autoimmune disorder that often follows infections, leading to demyelination or damage to nerve axons and resulting in paralysis. This review discusses emerging immunomodulatory treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies aimed at B-cell depletion and complement system inhibition, which provide targeted mechanisms to modulate abnormal immune responses. Additionally, regenerative strategies, including mesenchymal stem cell therapy and neuroprotective agents, are explored for their potential to promote nerve repair and improve recovery. Advances in gene-editing technologies also offer promising possibilities for correcting immune dysregulation at the molecular level. Beyond pharmacological interventions, the review highlights the importance of addressing the complex physical, psychological, and socioeconomic burdens of GBS. Comprehensive rehabilitation comprising physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and psychological supportis vital for restoring independence and enhancing quality of life. Future research should focus on personalized treatment approaches, biomarker-guided monitoring, and large clinical trials to improve outcomes and lessen the global impact of GBS.