Frequency Stabilization of Renewable Energy Sources and Redox Flow Battery Integrated Three Area Power System Using Cascade Controller

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel cascaded PID–TID (proportional–integral–derivative and tilt–integral–derivative) control strategy 
for a three-area interconnected power system integrating a thermal system (TS), wind turbine system (WTS), electric vehicles 
(EVs), and a redox flow battery (RFB) as an energy storage device (ESD). A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model of the 
system is developed to evaluate dynamic performance under varying operating conditions. The controller parameters are optimally 
tuned using the Mayfly Optimization Algorithm (MOA) to ensure superior control action. The effectiveness of the proposed 
cascaded PID–TID controller is validated through comparative analysis with conventional standalone PID and TID controllers. 
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly enhances oscillation damping, reduces settling time, and 
minimizes peak overshoot and undershoot. In addition, the impacts of WTS, EVs, and ESD integration on system dynamics are 
systematically investigated, showing notable improvements in frequency regulation and transient stability. Sensitivity analysis 
further confirms the robustness and reliability of the proposed control scheme, indicating its suitability for modern multi-area power 
systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources.