Performance, emission, and optimization of CuO-doped ternary biodiesel in CI engines

Abstract

This research has explored the performance, emission, and combustion properties of a CuO nanoparticle-doped ternary biodiesel mixture containing 90% diesel, 5% rapeseed methyl ester, and 5% linseed methyl ester (RLD10) in a single-cylinder CI engine. To increase efficiency in combustion and decrease emissions, nanoparticles of CuO have been added at different concentrations (25-100 ppm). RLD10CU75 has demonstrated the best brake thermal efficiency (34.04%), lowest specific fuel consumption (0.258 kg/kWh) and greatest mechanical efficiency (70.10) at full load of all the tested blends. The emission analysis has shown high percentages of CO (19.2%), HC (13.6%), and smoke (17.3) reduction over the diesel, and the NO Cs have not exceeded the allowable limit. The diagnostics of combustion has shown that RLD10CU75 has a better in-cylinder pressure and a higher heat release rate, which proves better combustion dynamics. It has been used to optimize statistically with Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and desirability function has found the optimal condition of 63.2% load and 99.99 ppm CuO which predicts a brake thermal efficiency of 29.20% with reduced emissions. The results have made CuO-doped RLD10 a promising bio-nano fuel, which has provided a good trade-off between the engine performance and the environmental impact without necessitating any adjustments to the engine. This work has supported the advancement of sustainable fuel technologies aligned with clean energy and emission reduction goals.