Fire-resistant and thermo-physiological comfort properties of balaclava for firefighter clothing

Abstract

Balaclavas are essential protective clothing in firefighting, and their thermo-physiological comfort properties are critical for ensuring wearer safety and performance. This research aims to enhance the flame resistance of firefighter balaclava materials through innovative design and material selection, striving for superior protection and comfort in high-temperature environments. Twenty-seven fabric combinations, varying in density and layering, are evaluated using para-aramid, meta aramid, and a cotton blend as the control. Several configurations exceed standard protection thresholds, enabling safe operation under extreme heat without compromising comfort. The relative contributions of fibre type, fabric density, and layering are analysed using statistical methods to assess their effects on thermal resistance, conductivity, and heat transfer modes (contact, radiant, and convective). Results indicate that meta-aramid fabric with areal densities of 400 g/m² (for 1-3 layered fabrics) and 250 g/m² (for 2- and 3-layered fabrics) provide optimal protection, as they swell under heat exposure to create an additional barrier. Para-aramid fabrics perform effectively across all three-layered configurations, offering high thermal stability, strength, and resistance to shrinkage. The findings provide material-specific recommendations for designing advanced firefighter balaclavas with improved protective and comfort characteristics.